Prosody Systematic Study of the Meter of Poetry

Prosody is a technical term used in linguistics and poetry to describe the patterns, rhythms or meters of a language. Prosody can refer to the rules for the pronunciation of a language as well as its versification. The correct pronunciation of words includes: enunciation,proper accentingmaking sure each syllable has its required length Syllable Length Syllable length doesnt seem terribly important for pronunciation in English. Take a word like laboratory. It looks as though it should be divided syllabically into: la-bo-ra-to-ry So it appears to have 5 syllables, but when someone from the U.S. or U.K. pronounces it, there are only 4. Oddly, the 4 syllables arent the same. Americans heavily stress the first syllable. lab-ra-,to-ry In the U.K. you probably hear: la-bor-a-,try When we stress a syllable, we hold it an extra time. The Latin for time is tempus and the word for the duration of time, especially in linguistics, is mora. Two short syllables or morae count for one long syllable. Latin and Greek have rules about whether a given syllable is long or short. More than in English, length is very important. Why You Need to Know About Prosody Whenever you read ancient Greek or Latin poetry you are reading the writing of a man or woman who has replaced the mundane with the loftier speech of poetry. Part of the flavor of the poetry is conveyed by the tempo of the words. To read the poetry woodenly without trying to grasp the tempo would be like reading sheet music without playing it even mentally. If such an artistic rationale doesnt motivate you to try to learn about Greek and Roman meter, hows this? Understanding the meter will help you to translate. Foot A foot is a unit of a meter in poetry. A foot will usually have 2, 3 or 4 syllables in Greek and Latin poetry. 2 Morae (Remember: one short syllable has one time or mora.) A foot composed of two short syllables is called pyrrhic. A pyrrhic foot would have two times or morae. 3 Morae A trochee is a long syllable followed by a short and an iam(b) is a short syllable followed by a long. Both of these have 3 morae. 4 Morae A foot with 2 long syllables is called a spondee. A spondee would have 4 morae. Uncommon feet, like the dispondee, can have 8 morae, and there are special, long patterned ones, like the Sapphic, named after the famous woman poet Sappho of Lesbos. Trisyllabic Feet There are eight possible feet based on three syllables. The two most common are: the dactyl, which is named visually for the finger, (long, short, short)the anapest (short, short, long). Feet of four or more syllables are compound feet. Verse A verse is a line of poetry using feet according to a specified pattern or meter. A meter can refer to a single foot in a verse. If you have a verse made up of dactyls, each dactyl is a meter. A meter is not always a single foot. For instance, in a line of iambic trimeter, each meter or metron (pl. metra or metrons) consists of two feet. Dactylic Hexameter If the meter is dactyl, with 6 meters in the verse, you have a line of dactylic hexameter. If there are only five meters, it is pentameter. Dactylic hexameter is the meter that was used in epic poetry or heroic poetry. There is one additional important bit of confusing information: the meter used in dactylic hexameter can be either dactyl (long, short, short) or a spondee (long, long). Meter for the AP Exam For the AP Latin - Vergil Exam, students need to know dactylic hexameters and be able to determine the length of each syllable. —UU|—UU|—UU|—UU|—UU|—X. The last syllable may be taken to be long since the sixth foot is treated as a spondee. Except in the fifth syllable, a long syllable can replace the two shorts (UU).

Finance Questionnaire - 1443 Words

Chapter 12 Question Baxter Video Products sales are expected to increase by 20% from $5M in 2010 to $6M in 2011. Its assets totaled $3M at the end of 2010. Baxter is already at full capacity, so its assets must grow at the same rate as projected sales. At the end of 2010, current liabilities were $1M, consisting of $250K of accounts payable, $500K of notes payable, and $250K of accruals. The after-tax profit margin is forecasted to be 5%, and the forecasted payout ratio is 70%. Use the AFN equation to forecast Baxters additional funds needed for the coming year. S0 = $5,000,000 g = 20% S1 = S0 * (1+g) S1 = $5M * (1+20%) S1 = $6,000,000 gS0 = $1,000,000 (Change in Sales) A0* = $3,500,000 A0*/S0 = 70% L0* = $1,000,000 L0*/S0 = 20% Profit Margin = 5% Payout Ratio (POR)= 70% AFN = (A0*/S0) S (L0*/S0) S S1 * M * (1-POR) AFN = (70%*1,000,000) (20%*1,000,000) ($6,000,000*5%*(1-70%)) AFN = 700,000 200,000 90,000 AFN = 410,000 Chapter 13 Question Explain how it is possible for sales growth to decrease the value of a profitable company. A company can be profitable and yet have an Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) that is less than the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), if the company has large capital requirements. If the ROIC is less than the WACC, then the company is not earning enough on its capital to satisfy investors. Growth adds even more capital that is not satisfying investors, hence, growth decreases value. 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Demand and Supply of Petrochemical Products

Question: Discuss about theDemand and Supply of Petrochemical Products. Answer: Introduction: Oil (petroleum) is one of the valuable natural energy sources in the world. The introduction thus must talk about how scarce it is. Other than being used as fuel for energy and transport, it is also used for creating petrochemical products. Petrochemical goods, such as plastic, appliances, solar panel, automobile parts, bullet proof vests and others utilize roughly 5% of worlds annual supply of oil. Arguably, the modern oil era started from 1901. The consumption of petroleum was mostly dominated by fuel users before that. In the long run, oil faces a demand curve almost as elastic as a life-saving drug. Its abundance and high demand make its price a crucial driving force in an economy. The increasing number of oilfields can hardly compete with the growing demand faced by the petroleum market. Currently, demand for crude oil is around 90 million barrels per day, which is four times of the discovery rate of oil reservoirs (Ji and Fan 2012). The United States is the biggest oil consumin g country, followed by China, India, and Japan. Russia, Saudi Arabia, United States of America, Iraq and China are the first five countries in the list of highest oil producing countries. Demand and Supply of oil is a more complex concept than that of any other goods. The idea of demand and supply is used to find out the equilibrium price of a commodity. Theoretically, if the demand for a good increases or supply of the good decreases, the price of the good increases. Again, a drop in the demand for that good or the increase in the supply makes the price of the good go down. This whole process takes place at the same timeframe (Bowen and Sosa 2014). This is how the market mechanism works for most of the common goods (Cashin 2014). In the case of oil, the present price depends on the future price of oil, at a certain predefined period of time. This mechanism takes place at the Oil futures market. Oil futures contract binds the supplier and the consumer to make a transaction under its regulations. This mechanism helps the operating individuals of the market to lock in an agreeable price which minimizes the risk of a financial loss. Two types of future traders are presen t in this scenario, hedgers and speculators. Hedgers are those traders, who trade a futures contract to protect himself from price changes in his product, in future. Speculators are those who use futures contract as an investment in the stock market to earn a profit. They buy a futures contract, whose price they expect to rise in the future and sell the contracts when the price is likely to fall. The increasing population results in increasing demand for vehicles. More vehicles require more units of fuel, which directly or indirectly comes from petroleum. The growing rate of the population also increases the requirement of petrochemical goods. Hence, it can be said that, the demand for oil is rising with the steep increase in population and that they are positively correlated. The number of consumers is much bigger than the number of suppliers in the petroleum market. It leaves the consumer side of the market with very little power to influence the market price, unlike producers. Sa udi Arabia, producing thirteen percent of the total oil production, currently ranks one in the table of top oil producing countries. The United States of America is the 2nd top oil producing country, producing twelve percent of the total oil production. Seasonal changes in weather also affect the demand for petroleum in most of the countries. For example, in winter more hitting oil is used by people, which is not the case in summer. Oil is sold and bought in world market using US dollars. Therefore, a change in the exchange value of dollar plays a huge role in determining the demand for petroleum. If the value of US dollar depreciates the demand for oil and petrochemical goods will increase, vice-versa. The process of oil extraction, supply and oil wells position in the map also play huge roles in determining the price of petroleum in a country (Anandan and Ramaswamy 2016). The price of oil in Australia is arguably rising more than that in the countries which are closer to the oil p roducing countries due to the adding cost of carrying the petroleum from countries like Russia, Middle East, and South East Asia, etc. Supply of oil can be affected by various reasons. For example, political unrests between countries might change prices of petroleum and petrochemical goods (Hou, Mountain and Wu 2016). After the Ukraine issue, Russia has disrupted trade with the European Union and Australia. The Brexit issue made oil trade more costly for Australia. Supply of oil also depends on OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). It is a consortium of 13 oil producing countries, which are Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Arab Emirates and Venezuela. 40 percent of worlds petroleum production is monitored by these member countries. Figure 1. Demand and supply for OPEC Source As created by author The above figure is showing the demand OPEC was facing in the year 2015 and 2016s 2nd quarter along with the aggregate supply. Oil speculation drives the investors to purchase or sell futures contracts which influence the market demand and supply of petroleum. In the year 2008, people thought speculators were buying more contracts (Kilian 2014). It led to a hike in oil prices ($140/barrel). The price fell to $30/barrel by the end of 2009 due to the rise in price, which was not backed up by an appropriate amount of demand. Recently, developing countries like China and India are demanding more petroleum which is affecting the global market for oil (Reboredo 2012). Conclusion: There are various other reasons which also play their respective parts in determining the demand and supply of oil like taste and preferences of the consumers, culture, GDP of a country, other natural resources present, etc. Oil is a scarce resource, which has a limit and can end in future. The rate of exhaustion is greater than the rate of discovery of new oil wells. All these reasons suggest that there will always be a gradual increase in oil price. But in reality, short run shocks are playing significant roles determining the price of petroleum and petrochemical goods. It increases, as well as decreases the price of oil over time (Peersman and Stevens 2013). References: Anandan, M. and Ramaswamy, S., 2016. Global Oil Market: Macro Economic Scenario. Global Journal For Research Analysis, 4(9). Bowen, W.G. and Sosa, J.A., 2014. Prospects for faculty in the arts and sciences: A study of factors affecting demand and supply, 1987 to 2012. Princeton University Press. Cashin, P., Mohaddes, K., Raissi, M. and Raissi, M., 2014. The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy. Energy Economics, 44, pp.113-134. Hou, K., Mountain, D. and Wu, T., 2016. Oil Price Shocks and Their Transmission Mechanism in an Oil-Exporting Economy: a VAR Analysis Informed by a DSGE Model. Journal of International Money and Finance. Ji, Q. and Fan, Y., 2012. How does oil price volatility affect non-energy commodity markets?. Applied Energy, 89(1), pp.273-280. Kilian, L., 2014. Oil price shocks: causes and consequences. Peersman, G. and Stevens, A., 2013. Analyzing Oil Demand and Supply Shocks in an Estimated DSGE Model. Ghent University unpublished manuscript. Reboredo, J.C., 2012. Modelling oil price and exchange rate co-movements. Journal of Policy Modeling, 34(3), pp.419-440.

Sports And Aggressive Behavior Essays (2654 words) -

Sports And Aggressive Behavior Sport and aggressive behavior, Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. The term violence is defined as physical assault based on total disregard for the well being of self and others, or the intent to injure another person ( 2. Coakley). Intimidation usually does not cause physical harm, but often is designed to produce psychological consequences, enabling one person to physically over power or dominate another. These statements as defined by the author, Jay J. Coakley, is what people today have made a must part on sport. Pleasure and participation sports absolutely cannot be grouped with power and performance sports when in relation to aggression.Pleasure sports are simply played for pleasure. Score is usually not kept. The athletes participating are usually on occasion doing it for fun and exercise. A majority of athletes who have been playing sports since they were little, have probably been pounded into their heads that to be successful in sport, you need to be aggressive, and at some times, unnecessary. Also that to get what you want, you have to go at it with all force. Not that this is wrong but, this attitude in today's society has been a major problem factor to the athletes when they get older, to get into trouble with the law. Those long-term effects of so called discipline, patterns develops these destructive behaviors. (9. Montague) Although some people are still in belief that aggressive behaviors in all forms, are grounded into instincts, but they also relate these actions to sports. Their parents played, who were known for their aggressive behavior, so the child feels that they have to live up to that expectation.( 6. Storr) Athletes do have to be aggressive to a point, so that the team can form a strategy to win. There is also a limit to aggression when it turns into violence. People might say that it's not aggression or violence, it's just adrenaline pumping. Adrenaline isn't even similar to violence. Aggression, maybe, but nothing that would be harmful to anyone else. This might be a factor to why contact sports are so popular. For example, football, hockey, rugby, wrestling, and boxing. Contrary to predictions of instinct theory, several studies show that contact sports exist and thrive in the same societies that have high rates of aggression and violence. Unfortunately, another belief is that contact sports teach discipline, self-respect, and self-defense. (8. May ) Contact sports aren't a positive way to teach these things. Being physically tough helps, but it also needs to be left on the field when the game is over. This can also lead to the abuse of family, girlfriends, boyfriends, friends, and any other person who gets in their ?way?, because athletes use these sports as a way to get their aggression and angers out. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam ) Oth er's might argue that it's skill, and not in the least way violent. Although we really can't give a straight and to the point answer to the question ?Is aggression an Instinct We can say that in man, as in other animals, there exists a physiological mechanism, when stimulated, it rises both subjective feelings of anger and to physical changes, which relate to fighting. This is easily set off, and like other emotional responses, it is very stereotyped, and instinctive. Just like one person is like a very angry person; they resemble one another at the psychological level. The way in which humans adapt to and control their feelings of rage. ( 5. Toch) The mechanisms in which these body changes, the functions that come about is still completely misunderstood. ( 5. Toch) Experiments from animal's show that it appears that there is a small area from the base of the brain in which the feeling of anger starts. This, from which is sent to the nervous impulses that cause the blood pressure to rise. This area is called the hypothalamus. Its function is to coordinate responses like anger. ( 3